Political Parties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Parties - Essay Example (Bogdanor, 2006) Figures have however been more dismal in the past 30 years. In 2005, membership of the Conservative Party had fallen to an abysmal 250,000. Thus from 1975 to 2005, the Conservative Party has lost more than four out of five of its members. (Bogdanor, 2006) Interestingly, within that same period, the Conservative Party has been in power for a total of more than 15 years. Consequently, though it has been in power for more than half the total time between 1975 and 2005, the Conservative Party has lost more than four fifths of individual membership. The situation of the Labour Party is also very dismal. Though membership drive in 1996 had witnessed an increase of individual membership to 400,000, by 2006, membership of the Labour Party had dropped to 200,000, half its number in a space of 10 years and one fifth in the space of about 50 years. (Bogdanor, 2006) "Fifty years ago, 1 in 11 of the electorate belonged to a political party; today just 1 in 88 do. Moreover, voters feel less attached to parties than they did. In 1966, 42 per cent professed a "very strong" attachment to the party of their choice; today only 13 per cent do. That, no doubt, is one of the reasons for the increasing volatility of voters and low turnout in general elections - 59 per cent in 2001, 62 per cent in 2005." (para. 1) The high lev The high level of passivity to political party membership may also account for the volatility in voter turnout during elections. The loss of interest in political parties and its concomitant effect on electoral turnouts can be contrasted with public participation in other political issues. According to the Electoral Commission and the Hansard Society (2004), whereas the 2001 general elections witnessed a significant decline in voter turnouts, there was a greater willingness by the public to participate in demonstrations in 2003 on issues like the Iraq war, the funding of higher education, and the visit of President Bush. Many reasons can be given for the steady loss of interest in political parties over the years in the UK and other EU countries. The locus of political engagement has been diversified in the UK and EU over the years and this has had a great influence on the dwindling membership of political parties. The Electoral Commission and the Hansard Society (2004) have argued that: "Recent years have seen an increase in pressure group and 'protest' politics, indicating a more complex picture of political engagement than voting figures alone might suggest." (p. 5) The diversification of political engagement thus connotes a movement from the political party as the central organisation for effecting change in society. Traditionally, political parties, especially in the first half of the 20th century were seen as the means of achieving social change. Issues of social concern like social justice, the environment, democracy, and equality were advanced at the political party front. (Wainwright, 2008) The formation of the Labour Party in the UK in 1900 epitomises the role of agents of change that political parties enjoyed. The coming together of trade unions, workers and socialists, with the aim of changing the way the interests of the public were represented in Parliament became the bedrock for the founding of the Labour Part

Care Delivery & Management Essay Example for Free

Care Delivery Management Essay The purpose of this assignment is to reflect upon my personal and professional development. It will consider the quality of the care I provided, the skills I developed in my specialist placement, plus my learning since the commencement of my nurse training. Personal learning and self-reflection will be identified. I shall be using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle to consider my practice. Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle looks at six aspects which include the following; what happened, what were my thoughts and feelings, what was good or bad about the experience, what sense can I make out of the situation, what else could I have done and if it arose again what would I do? Findings will be supported or contrasted by relevant literature. A conclusion will be offered to evaluate findings. I shall also include an action plan, which will address future professional and personal development needs and any factors that may help or hinder this. I will also consider why I have selected these issues for my action plan, what my goals are and how I aim to achieve them. At the beginning of my nurse training we were asked to write on a piece of piece what our definition of nursing was. I wrote ‘It’s about being human’. At the time these words were based on my gut feeling and personal belief. Now, two and a half years later, I would write the same thing, but this time my definition would be based on the skills, knowledge and experiences I feel privileged and grateful to have had during my training and not just on gut feeling and personal belief. How does this knowledge impact on me in terms of practice? I can now put my definition of nursing into a framework and relate the theory of it to practice, for example I can identify when I am actively undertaking anxiety management with a patient. This is quite an achievement for me. What else have I learnt? I have gained knowledge of illnesses and understand how bio-psycho-social aspects of mental illness impact on the individual, their family and their life. I have also developed a good basic knowledge of practical skills such as: counselling, anxiety management, assessment, nursing and communication models, problem-solving and psychotherapy. This knowledge and development of practical skills has enabled my self confidence and self esteem to grow. What things have had the most influence on my personal and professional learning? These things are what ‘It’s about being human’ means to me as a nurse. They include a humanistic care philosophy. Evidence suggests that patients have found the humanistic care philosophy to be positive and helpful to their well-being (Beech, Norman 1995.) Humanistic care believes in; developing trust, the nurse-patient relationship, using the self as a therapeutic tool, spending time to ‘be with’ and ‘do with’ the patient (Hanson 2000,) patient empowerment, the patient as an equal partners in their care (Department Of Health 1999,) respect for the patient’s uniqueness, recognition of the patient as an expert on themselves (Nelson-Jones 1982, Playle 1995, Horsfall 1997). Equally important to me is person-centred care, Roger’s (1961) unconditional positive regard, warmth, genuineness and empathy, recognition of counter-transference, self-reflect ion and self-awareness. I was on placement with Liaison Psychiatry also known as Deliberate Self Harm. The team consisted of my mentor and myself. In this placement we would assess patients who had deliberately self harmed. Patients would be referred via AE only. We would see patients whilst they were still in AE or after they had been transferred to hospital wards for medical treatment for their injuries etc. We would only see patients once they were medically fit to have a psychiatric assessment. The purpose of the assessment was to find out what was happening for the individual and see if we could offer any help via mental health services to the individual, this is done via implementing ‘APIE’ the nursing process (Hargreaves 1975). The main focus was to consider what degree of risk we felt the patient was in. Therefore we needed to establish what the individuals intent was at the time of the deliberate self harm, and if suicidal, whether they still had suicidal intent after the incident. We also held a weekly counselling clinic. I considered Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. How did I feel about this placement? At first I was apprehensive as to how I would feel dealing with patients who do not necessarily want to live. I belong to a profession that saves lives, so I felt an inner conflict. This is an anxiety that is recognised in most nurses (Whitworth 1984). In my first few weeks I felt distressed by the traumatic events that these patients were experiencing. I felt guilty that I have a family who love me, a fulfilling career, a lovely home and no debts, then each day I talk to people who may have no home, no money, no one to love them and no employment. It was hard for me to make sense of these things when life circumstances, such as class, status, wealth, education and employment create unfairness. I felt a desire to help try and improve the quality of these patients’ situations. Midence (1996) has identified that these feelings are a normal response when dealing with others less fortunate that oursel ves. Patients’ who attempt suicide have lost hope (Beck 1986). I felt more settled and positive once I was able to make sense of the situation (Gibbs 1988). I realised that could help by listening to these patient’s and help to restore hope, develop problem solving ideas to tackle some of their problems or referring them to gain the emotional help and support they needed from appropriate mental health services. Patients find help with problem solving extremely valuable and can help them feel able to cope (McLaughlin 1999). Generally, after most assessments, I learnt that listening, giving emotional support and problem solving helped restore enough hope in the previously suicidal patient enable them to feel safe from future self harm. In only a handful of cases did my mentor and I need to admit patients to any inpatient facility under the Mental Health Act (1983). This was because they still felt at risk of future self-harm. Through using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle to consider my special placement area I feel I have been able to change my nursing practice in a positive way, initially from feeling anxious, guilty and helpless when dealing with suicidal patients to feeling useful, constructive and positive. I’ve learnt that by confronting my own feelings of guilt and discomfort I was able to help in a very positive, practical, constructive and empowering way. My mentor identified that one of my strengths is that I can generally combine common sense, logic and practicality in terms of risk assessment and problem solving and still build up a sensitive and caring, therapeutic relationship when dealing with patients whose circumstances are in crisis and complicated and they themselves are emotionally and mentally vulnerable. Nurses not only need good communication skills (Faulkner 1998) but they also need to have an environment conductive to open communication (Wilkinson 1992). Social barriers such as environment, structure or cultural aspects of healthcare can inhibit the application of communication skills (Chambers 2002) Utilising Gibbs (19988) Reflective Model, in retrospect; I feel our interview with some patients could have been done differently. On occasions when my mentor and I were in the A E department the two rooms that we had available for our use were occasionally both in use. This meant that we would conduct our assessment interviews in the Plaster Room, if it was empty. This room was where medical patients would have plaster-casts applied. This was a very clinical room. However, due to limited room availability this was sometimes the only option we had at the time, it was not a welcoming or appropriate setting and would not have helped patients feel relaxed or valued. In reflection, I believe it was actually demeaning as we were asking patients who had attempted suicide to sit on a hard chair in a clinical workroom and share their despair with us. I am sad that this happened and I feel as though we were giving the patients the impression that a cold clinical work room is all they were worth. If this arose again (Gibbs 1988) I would suggest to my mentor that we wait for one of our allocated rooms to become available, where the rooms were relaxing, with soft armchairs and a feeling of comfort. Using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Model I shall describe a situation with a patient to highlight my learning. What happened (Gibbs 1988)? Neil had been bought to AE by his son after he made an attempt to take his own life. His son explained that Neil’s wife had terminal cancer and had died the day before. Neil was unable to engage in conversation other that to repeat over and over again â€Å"I don’t want to live without my wife.† However the more disturbed and difficult to communicate a patient is the less interaction they receive therapeutic or otherwise from nursing staff (Cormack 1976, Poole, Sanson-Fisher, Thompson 1981, Robinson 1996a, 1996b). I found this too be true in Neil’s situation as some A E nurses did not wish to approach him because of his disturbed state and unresponsiveness to verbal cues. What were my thoughts and feeling (Gibbs 1988)? After spending twenty minutes in the assessment interview Neil had remained unresponsive to our approaches and had remained distressed, distant and uncommunicative for the entire time. I had past experience of recent bereavement within my immediate family and I realised that counter-transference was at play and was a reason for my strong emotional reaction to Neil’s distress resulting in me having an overwhelming desire to ease his suffering. Even though another part of me understood the need for him to experience this extreme pain as a normal part of grieving. What was good or bad about the experience (Gibbs 1988)? This was not a good experience for me because as a compassionate person, I found it extremely hard to suppress my own feelings of wanting to protect him from such devastating distress, although I recognised that I was over-identifying with him due to my own grief. I considered that he might have been embarrassed by the emotional state he was in and his inability to control his grief; he could not speak, maintain eye contact or even physically stand. What sense could I make of the situation (Gibbs 1988)? We adjourned for a few minutes so that my mentor and I could assess the situation. I thought it might be appropriate to utilise Heron’s Six Category Intervention Analysis (1975) cathartic intervention as a therapeutic strategy to enable the patient to release emotional tension such as grief, anger, despair and anxiety by helping to (Chambers 1990). I hoped it would facilitate the opportunity for Neil to open up and express his full feelings in a safe and supportive environment. I initially planned to sit quietly with him and briefly put a reassuring hand on either his hand, arm or shoulder. My mentor supported this action. I was aware that I ran a risk of misinterpretation by choosing therapeutic touch. Therapeutic touch may be criticised because it is open to misinterpretation by the patient and abuse of power by staff. The patient may view holding another’s hand as a sexual advance, violation or abuse, so nurses should always consider patient consent, appropriateness, context and boundaries. Clause 2.4 of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Code Of Professional Conduct says that at all times healthcare professionals must maintain appropriate boundaries with patients and all aspects of care must be relevant to their needs. Therapeutic touch appeared acceptable given his situation and seemed appropriate to the context it would be performed in, given that my mentor would supervise me. As per Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle I considered what else I could have done especially if the situation arose again and mentor not been there. I would may have chosen to utilise Hanson’s (2000) approach of ‘being with’ whereby I use therapeutic use of self through the sharing of one’s own presence, and not involved any form of touch, avoiding any misinterpretation or breach of boundaries. I was anxious because I felt concerned that my nursing skills would be inadequate to address his needs due to his acutely distressed state. In reflection my mentor helped me acknowledge that this was about my own anxiety rather than being accurately reflective of my nursing ability. I approached Neil and explained that if it was acceptable with him I would like to sit quietly with him so that he was not alone in his distress. â€Å"It is likely that the nursing process is therapeutic when nurse and patient can come to know and to respect each other, as persons who are alike and yet different, as persons who share in the solution of problems† (Peplau 1988). I gently placed my hand onto his. Neil reacted by given the impression that he physically disintegrated, he become extremely distressed and crying loudly, squeezing my hand tightly. This continued for several minutes. Neil became calmer and started to talk about his situation. This was a good outcome. I was able to utilise Herons (1975) cathartic strategy with positive effect via empathising with Neil’s situation and using myself as a therapeutic tool through the use of touch, thus enabling Neil to express his emotions and activate a nurse-patient relationship. Studies have shown that nurses can express compassion and empathy through touch, using themselves as a therapeutic tool (Routasalo 1999, Scholes 1996) and this has a cathartic value, enabling the patient to express their feelings more easily (Leslie Baillie 1996). The therapeutic value of non-verbal communication and its harmfulness is overlooked (Salvage 1990). Attitudes are evident in the way we interact with others and can create atmospheres that make patient care uncomfortable (Hinchcliff, Norman, Schoeber 1998) On one occasion, one nurse privately referred to Neil as a â€Å"wimp† because he was having difficulty coping with the death of his wife. I wondered whether her body language had transmitted her bad attitude towards Neil, contributing to his distress and difficulties in communicating with staff. Again using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, I shall provide another example to highlight my learning in practice. What happened (Gibbs 1988)? Cycle On one occasion my mentor and I received a phone call from A E asking us to review an 18-year-old girl called Emma who had taken an overdose. They said she was medically fit to be assessed. When we arrived they claimed that she was pretending to still feel unwell and described her as â€Å"milking it†. We found her to be vomiting and discovered she had been left in a bed in the corridor of A E for 8 hours. McAllister (2001) found that patients who had self-harmed were ignored, had exceptionally long waits and suffered judgemental comments. What were my thoughts and feelings (Gibbs 1988)? I felt very angry towards A E staff as I felt that she was being unfairly treated because she had caused harm to herself, she had been labelled as a troublemaker by staff and I do not believe she had received good quality care. Emma explained that in the last month her father had died, she had miscarried her baby, discovered that her partner was having an affair, and she had been made redundant leaving her with debts that she couldn’t pay. As I looked at her, I saw a vulnerable young woman at the end of her tether. I felt saddened and disappointed by the judgemental attitudes of the A E staff who had not even taken the time to talk to Emma or ask her why she had taken an overdose, instead they describe her as an â€Å"immature and attention seeking kid†. As per Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, I felt this was a very bad experience of poor care, bad attitudes and unacceptable moral judgement being made by A E staff. Cohen (1996) and Nettleton (1995) identify that social status; age, gender, race and class contribute to stereotyping and judgemental attitudes. I noticed that people who self-harmed were judged differently dependent upon their age and the younger they were the worse the attitude of A and E staff. Interestingly ageism towards youth is an area that I could find no research on. I believe ageism towards younger people is overlooked and is really only identified in the elderly. During the assessment I was aware of how my physical presence can impact on the care given. However, I have learnt about the importance of considering how one can communicate to the patient via body language. By attending to patients in a non-verbal or physical way it is another method of saying, â€Å"I’m interested, I’m listening and I care.† To do this during Emma’s assessment I utilised Egan’s (1982) acronym S.O.L.A.R. This meant that I sat facing Emma Squarely, with an Open posture, Leaning towards her, whilst making Eye contact and Relaxing myself, to give her the feeling of my willingness to help. This client centred care recognises her equality in the nurse-patient relationship. What sense did I make of the situation (Gibbs 1988)? I was very unhappy about the attitude of A E staff but recognised that they had a lack of understanding and knowledge. In one study looking at self-harm admissions it was discovered that patients who deliberately self-harm are often deemed as unpopular patients, being labelled and judged as time wasters by A E staff. Apparently 55% of general nurses perceived these patients as attention seekers and disliked working with them, 64% found it frustrating, 20% found it depressing and almost a third found it uncomfortable (Sidley, Renton 1996). What else could I have done (Gibbs 1988) After reflecting upon the experience with my mentor, I was able to realise that part of my role is to act as a representative for mental health. If this happened again what would I do (Gibbs 1988)? If staff were to make judgemental comments again it is part of my role to educate and inform them so they can have a positive understanding of the needs of the mental health patient and learn to address any judgemental comments made. This is a view supported by Johnstone (1997), who says that if we are made aware of our actions when we are judging and labelling people it is our responsibility to correct this. Medical staff need to be aware of mental health promotion, and need further training and education in respects of helping to care for and understand of this vulnerable patient group (Hawton 2000). This is a view supported by the Department of Health (DOH 1999a) who have recommended closer liaison between mental health and A E services in an effort to address the poor understanding and negative attitudes of A E staff. I have also learnt that I must look at both sides of each situation and should show more understanding towards the A E staff’s feelings, as they are often confronted with shocking and distressing acts of self infliction which can make them feel despair, helpless and unskilled to deal with these sort of patient. I believe nurses negative attitudes develop because we all intuitively apply own our values and views to everyday situations, people, experiences and interactions. It may be the staff member’s own coping mechanism to keep their distance from the patient or to label them as attention seeking in order to make sense of the situation for themselves. This is a view supported by Johnstone (1997). In reflection, following the assessment and planning of care for Emma my mentor and I reflected upon the care I provided for her. I recognised that I felt nervous because it was my first experience of conducting an assessment. Having my mentor there to observe me made me feel secure because I trusted my mentor and could rely on her expertise to ensure that I provided safe practice for Emma. However, I still felt anxious as I was faced with an unknown situation. This made me realise how difficult and intimidating the assessment process may have felt to Emma. I had the security of feeling safe in the relationship with my mentor. Emma didn’t know either of us. This highlighted the huge value of the nurse-patient relationship and how the importance of utilising Rogers (1961) theory of client-centred care involving unconditional positive regard, warmth, genuineness and empathy towards patients. My mentor said that I provided evidence based care and I appeared to have a good humanistic approach, sensitively providing client centred care. She joked that I was so keen to ‘get it right’ that I was practically sat on Emma’s knee in my efforts to non-verbally show to Emma that I was attentive and listening to her. I think that whilst this was a joke, I will endeavour to continue to be keen but will relax a bit more, hopefully as I gain more experience myself. I will also use the insight and understanding from these experiences to benefit my future practise and the care I provide for patients. Boyd Fales (1983) suggest, â€Å"Reflective learning is the process of internally examining an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a changed conceptual perspective.† Self-reflection helps the practitioner find practice-based answers to problems that require more than the application of theory (Schon 1983). I have discovered this to be true, especially in mental health nursing where problem solving may be in the realm of religious, spiritual or cultural beliefs, emotional or intuitive feelings, ethics and moral ideals, which sometimes cannot be theorised. With one patient I couldn’t understand his unwillingness to engage in therapy even though he turned up for a weekly appointment. Once I reflected on this with my mentor I realised that I was not considering his strict religious and cultural background, which complicated his care. I realised that I had been completely ignorant of his needs and had in-fact lacked self-awareness otherwise I would have recognised these issues sooner. According to Kemmis (1995) a benefit of self-reflection is that it helps practitioners become ‘aware of their unawareness’. I have learnt that there are barriers to reflection. On occasions after seeing a patient my mentor may interpret events in a slightly different way to myself. Newell (1992) and Jones (1995) criticize the idea of reflection arguing that it is a flawed process due to inaccurate recall memory and hindsight bias. Another criticism of refection is that it aims to theorise actions in hindsight therefore devaluing the skill of responding intuitively to a patient (Richardson 1995). I considered that my thought to hold Neil’s hand may have been intuitive but because we must use evidence based practice and appropriate frameworks of care, I theorised my care and utilised Heron’s (1975) framework. I believe self-reflection helps me to become self-aware. Self-awareness is achieved when the student acknowledges there own personal characteristics, including values, attitudes, prejudices, beliefs, assumptions, feelings, counter-transferences, personal motives and needs, competencies, skills and limitations. When they become aware of these things and the impact they have on the therapeutic communication and relationship with the patient then they become self-aware (Cook 1999). I have learnt through these experiences that reflection can be a painful experience as I have recognised my own imperfections and bias. I have felt angry with general nursing staffs attitudes towards mental health patients and have now been able to realise that this emotion is unhelpful and instead I should be more tolerant and understanding and help them to understand the patients needs. It is also difficult especially if one is experiencing strong emotions such as anger, frustration and grief (Rich 1995). At times I have over-identified with my patients and personalised their situation to similar situations of my own. This is known as counter-transference and has blinded my ability to address their care needs. Counter-transference is the healthcare professionals emotional reaction to the patient, it is constantly present in every interaction and it strongly influences the therapeutic relationship, but is often not reflected upon (Slipp 2000). Counter-transference can be defined as negative as it can create disruptive feelings in the clinician, causing misguided values and bias (Pearson 2001). I have learnt that it is crucial for me to consider how my reactions to a patient’s problem can impact on the care I provide. Whilst I endeavour to always give 100% best and unbiased care to each patient, I have realised I respond more favourably to patients that I like or identify with. For example I was extremely compassionate and biased towards both Emma and Neil and I feel that my personal life experiences influenced me because I could really empathise with them both. However, I realised that I am only human and that as long as I recognise the impact of counter-transference then I can use it positively as my self awareness of the fact that the process is occurring will enable me to address and challenge my own thoughts, feelings and responses. To conclude, I have been able to highlight my learning over the last two and a half years, both personally and professionally. This has enabled me to look at the areas that I am good at and the areas that I can improve on. I have been able to look at the quality of the care I have given patients and considered what I have achieved, how I felt, how I could have done things better, what was successful and unsuccessful, what issues influenced me and what understanding I had of the experience. I have also been able to recognise my role as a representative for mental health nursing and how I can promote it to other healthcare professionals. I have also identified the value of the role of my mentor in helping me to develop as a nurse. I will use the insight and understanding from these experiences to benefit my future practice and the care I provide for patients. ACTION PLAN Word Count 1086 What are my goals? My mentor and I discussed the areas that I want to improve on. We identified that my stronger points are common sense, logical approach and practical ability in terms of things like risk assessing and problem solving. I am also competent in the building of a therapeutic relationship, utilising a humanistic care philosophy, person centre approach, empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard and honest. I also have a good knowledge in respect of mental health promotion, anxiety management, basic counselling skills, understanding of the fundamentals associated with nursing, assessment and communication models and the basic principles of psychotherapy. I feel I have come a long way in two and a half years and have accomplished a lot. However, there are areas that I recognise that I can improve on and I am happy that I can address these as I hope this will improve my learning, skills and competency as a nurse in the future, providing better patient care. The areas I need to gain more knowledge and experience of include: understanding the religious, cultural and spiritual needs of the patient and how this impacts on their care and quality of life, recognising and working with counter transference and my tendency to feel the need to over protect patients as this does not help the patient to utilise choice, be responsible for themselves or empower themselves. I want to continue developing my own self awareness through self reflection. Finally I wish to develop my academic abilities and to train further so that I have more knowledge. Why have I chosen these issues? I have chosen to improve my knowledge and understanding of patients religious, cultural and spiritual needs and how this impacts on their care and quality of life, because by doing this I hope to be able to address their needs holistically. To successfully undertake a thorough assessment the healthcare practitioner needs to identify the holistic needs of the patient, failure to do so would neglect the patients physical, psycho-social and spiritual needs (Stuart and Sundeen 1997.) At present I feel I am unable to fully comprehend or provide best care as I feel I lack the skills and knowledge to do so. I also wish to further consider the impact of counter transference and my tendency to feel the need to over protect patients. I feel that if I gain more understanding and recognition of how counter-transference can change my reaction to a patient then I will be able to address it and have more control and choice over my nursing and my responses. In practice, I have experienced strong emotional reactions to some patient’s, perhaps because I could identify with some of their issues. However, this can result in my wanting to over protect them, which may disempower them, and this is unhelpful. Different characteristic in patients can influence the emotional reaction of the nurse (Holmquist 1998). I need to be able to recognise these characteristics in the patient and be self aware of the way I am responding. I want to continue developing my own self-awareness through self-reflection, as I will need to be able to exercise autonomous and expert judgement as a qualified nurse. The ability to use self-reflection as a learning tool to becoming self-aware will help me achieve this. This is a view supported by (Wong 1995). Boud, Keogh Walker (1995) believe self reflection is an important human activity, essential for personal development as well as for the professional development of the nurse. By being able to mull over my experiences will help me challenge my beliefs and behaviour as an individual and a nurse. Finally I wish to develop my academic abilities and to train further so that I have more nursing knowledge. Experience alone is not the key to learning (Boud et al 1985). I wish to gain further qualifications so that I may further my career and knowledge, as this will provide a sense of achievement and fulfilment for me. How am I going to achieve my goals? I intend to develop my portfolio and keep an open reflective diary (Richardson 1995) to show evidence of my learning and prepare for my PREPP. Portfolios are seen as a collection of information and evidence used to summarize what has been learnt from prior experience and opportunities (Knapp 1975), and acknowledges professional and personal development, knowledge and competence, providing nurses with evidence of their eligibility for re-registration every three years (NMC 2002). I believe maintaining my portfolio helps with one’s self-assessment and will help me to develop my strengths, plus identify and critically evaluate my weaker areas, this is a view supported by Garside (1990). However in contrast Miller Daloz (1989) suggest there is no evidence to suggest that self assessment contributes to enhance self awareness. A barrier to one’s ability to self-reflect may be time constraints and socio-economic factors such as high staff and management turnover, low staff morale and staff illness (Bailey 1995) I hope to overcome this by being a supportive team member to my colleagues and maintaining a positive mental attitude. I am happy to work on my portfolio and diary in my own time as I think it is a valuable learning tool. I will use my preceptorship, learning in practice, observation in practice and clinical supervision to help achieve my goals. Reflection on action is considered to be an essential part of clinical supervision (Scanlon Weir 1997). I will continue to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Model to help me develop my learning through reflection. I will need to feel confident that by sharing my portfolio, diary, reflection or seeking advice via preceptorship and supervision that this will not reflect negatively on me and effect my ability to feel able to trust my mentor. Students and staff sometimes feel unable to fully express themselves or belittled by the power relationship if supervision is not in a trusting relationship feeling it could be open to bias, personality clashes, counter-transference or could disadvantage them in terms of career development (Richardson 1995 Jones 2001). However, good clinical supervision enables nurses to feel better supported, contributing to safer and more effective nursing (Teasdale 2001, Jones A 2001). I hope to continue with life long learning and would like to be able to study for a degree in nursing. I shall do this by apply for funding once I am employed and hope that whoever my employers are they will support me in my goal to become better qualified. References Bailey J (1995) Reflective Practice, Implementing Theory, Nursing Standard, Vol 9 (46) 29-31 Baillie, L (1996) A Phenomenological Study Of The Nature Of Empathy, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 24,6, 1300-1308 Beck A T (1986) Hopelessness As A Predictor OF Eventual Suicide, Annals Of The New York Academy Of Science, Vol 487, 90-96 Beech P, Norman I (1995) Patients’ Perceptions Of The Quality Of Psychiatric Nursing Care: Findings From A Small Scale Descriptive Study, Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 4, 117-123 Boud D, Keogh R, Walker D (1985) Reflection: Turning Experience Into Learning, London, Kogan Page, Boyd E M, Fales A W (1983) Reflective Learning: Key To Learning From Experience, Journal OF Humanistic Psychology Vol 23 (2) 99-117 Chambers M, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing; Learning In The Clinical Environment , Cited in: Reynolds W, Cormack D (Eds) (1990) Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing, London, Chapman and Hall Cohen G (1996) Age And Health Status In A Patient Satisfaction Survey, Social Science And Medicine, Vol 42 (7) 1085-1093 Cook S (1999) The Self In Self Awareness, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 29 (6) 1292-1299 Cormack DFS (1976) Psychiatric Nursing Observed: A Descriptive Study Of The Work Of The Charge Nurse In Acute Admission Wards Of Psychiatric Hospitals, London RCN Department Of Health (1999) The National Service Framework for Mental Health, London, HMSO Egan G (1994) The Skilled Helper Model, Skills Methods For Effective Helping, Brooks/Cole Publishing, Pacific Groves, California. Garside G (1990) Personal Profiling, Nursing, Vol 4 (8) 9-11 Gibbs G (1988) Cited in, Palmer A, Burns S, Bulman C (1994) Eds, Reflective Practice In Nursing, London, Blackwell Science Hanson B (2000) Being With, Doing With: A Model Of The Nurse Client Relationship In Mental Health Nursing, Journal Of Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing, 2000, 7, 417-423 Hargreaves I, (1975) The Nursing Process, Nursing Times, 71,35, 89-91 Hawton K (2000) General Hospital Management Of Suicide Attempters, The International Handbook Of Suicide And Attempted Suicide, Chicester, John Wiley Sons Heron J (1975) Six Category Intervention Analysis, Guildford, Human Potential resource Group, University Of Surrey Hinchcliff S, Norman S, Schoeber J (1998) Nursing Practice And Healthcare, 3rd Edition, London, Arnold Holmquist R (1998) The Influence Of Patient Diagnosis And Self Image On Clinicians Feelings, The Journal Of Nervous And Mental Disease, Vol 186, (8) 455-461 Horsfall J (1997) Psychiatric Nursing: Epistemological Contradictions, Advances In Nursing Science, 20 (1) 56-65 Johnstone L (1997) Self Injury And The Psychiatric Response, Feminism And Psychology, Vol 7, 421-426 Jones P R (1995) Hindsight Bias In Reflective Practice: An Empirical Investigation, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 21, 783-788 Kemmis S (1985) Action Research And The Politics Of Reflection, In Edwards M (1996) Patient-Nurse Relationships: Using reflective Practice, Nursing Standard, Vol 10 (25) 40-43 Knapp J (1975) A Guide To Assessing Prior experience Through Portfolios, Education Testing Service, Cooperative Assessment Of Experiential Learning, Princeton, New Jersey Mcallister M (2001) Dissociative Identity Disorder And The Nurse Patient Relationship In The Acute Care Setting: An Action Research Project, Australian And New Zealand Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, Vol 10, 20-32 McLaughlin C (1999) An Exploration Of Psychiatric Nurses And Patients Opinions regarding In-Patient Care For Suicidal patients, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 29 (5) 1042-1051 The Mental Health Act, (1983) Department Of Health, London, HMSO Midence K, Gregory S, Stanley R (1996) The Effects Of Patient Suicide On Nursing Staff, Journal Of Clinical Nursing, Vol 5, 115-120 Miller M, Daloz L (1989) Assessment Of Prior Learning, Good Practices Assure Congruity Between Work And Education, Equity And Excellence, Vol 24 (3) 30-34 Nelson-Jones R, (1982) The Theory And Practice Of Counselling Psychology, London, Cassell Nettleton S (1995) The Sociology Of Health And Illness, Blackwell, Cambridge. Newell R (1992) Anxiety, Accuracy And Reflection; The Limits Of Professional Development, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 17, 1326-1333 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Code Of Professional Conduct, London, NMC Pearson L (2001) The Clinician-Patient Experience: Understanding Transference And Counter-transference, The Nurse Practitioner, The American Journal Of Primary Health Care, Vol 26 (6) 2001 Peplau H (1988) Interpersonal Relations In Nursing, London, MacMillan Press Poole AD, Sanson-Fisher RW, Thompson V (1981) Observations On The Behaviour Of Patients In A State Mental Hospital And A General Hospital Psychiatric Unit: A Comparative Study, Behaviour Research And Therapy, 19, 125-134 Playle J (1995) Humanism And Positivism In Nursing; Contradictions And Conflicts, Journal Of Advance Nursing, 22, 979-984 Rich A (1995) Reflection And Critical Incident Analysis, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 22 (6) 1050-1057 Richardson R (1995) Humpty Dumpty- Reflection And Reflective Nursing Practice, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 21, 1044-1050 Robinson D (1996a) Measuring Psychiatric Nursing Interventions: How Much Care Is Individualised, Nursing Times Research, 1, 1, 13-21 Robinson D (1996b) Observing And Describing Nursing Interactions, Nursing Standard, 13, 8, 34-38 Rogers C (1961) On Becoming A Person, London, Constable Routasalo P (1999) Physical Touch In Nursing Studies: A Literature Review, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 30, 4, 843-850 Savage J (1990) The Theory And Practice Of The New Nursing, Nursing Times Occasional Paper, 86, (4) 42-45 Scholes J (1996) Therapeutic Use Of Self: How The Critical care Nurse Uses Self To The Patients Therapeutic Benefit, Nursing In Critical Care, 1, 60-66 Schon D (1983) The Reflective Practitioner, London, Temple-Smith Scanlon C Weir W S (1997) Learning From Practice? Mental Health Nurses’ Perceptions And Experiences Of Clinical Supervision, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 26, 295-303 Sidley G, Renton J (1996) General Nurse’s Attitudes To Patients Who Self Harm, Nursing Standard, Vol 10, (30) 32-36 Slipp S â€Å"2000) Counter-transference Issues In Psychiatric Treatment, The American Journal Of Psychiatry, Vol 157 (9) 1539 Stuart G W, Sundeen S J (1997) Principles and Practices Of Psychiatric Nursing, 6th Edition, St Louis, Mosby Teasdale K (2001) Clinical Supervision And Support For Nurses, An Evaluation Study, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 33, 2, 216-225 Wilkinson S (1992) Good Communication In Cancer Nursing, Nursing Standard, 7 (9) 35-39 Wong F (1995) Assessing The Level Of Student Reflection From Reflective Journals, Journal Of Advanced Nursing, Vol 22, (1) 48-57 Whitworth R A (1984) Is Your Patient Suicidal? Canadian Nurse, Vol 80, 40-42

Evolutionary Developmental Biology Essay -- Biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) was instituted in the early 1980s as a distinctive field of study to characterise the new synthesis of evolution hypothesis (MÃ ¼ller, 2007). Evo-devo is regarded as a new rule in evolutionary biology and a complement to neo-Darwinian theories. It has formed from the combination of molecular developmental biology and evolutionary molecular genetics; their integration has helped greatly to understand both of these fields. Evo-devo as a discipline has been exploring the role of the process of individual development and the changes in evolutionary phenotype, meaning the developmental procedure by which single-celled zygotes grow to be multicellular organisms. Alterations in the developmental program frequently cause differences in adult morphology. When these alterations are helpful, they grow to be fixed in a population and can result in the evolution of new phyla. Evo-devo seeks to figure out how new groups happen by understanding how the method of development has evolved in different lineages. In other word, evo-devo explains the interaction between phenotype and genotype (Hall, 2007). Explanation of morphological novelty of evolutionary origins is one of the middle challenges in current evolutionary biology, and is intertwined with energetic discussion regarding how to connect developmental biology to standard perspectives from the theory of evolution (Laubichler, 2010). A large amount of theoretical and experiential effort is being devoted to novelties that have challenged biologists for more than one hundred years, for instance, the basis of fins in fish, the fin-to-limb change and the evolution of feathers. The biology of development promises to formulate a main contribution to these... ...is. Moreover, the relationship between neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory and evo-devo is highly contested (Hoekstra and Coyne, 2007; Minelli, 2010). However, the understanding of evo-devo methods and how the characteristics of the morphologies of different species diverged eventually is still comparatively limited. Craig (2010) stated that this field has obviously contributed to the understanding of genes and, subsequently, the understanding morphological characteristics of evolution in intricate organisms. There has been significant confirmation of evo-devo’s claim that regulatory modifications play an essential role in the evolution of shape. Evo-devo is the process of becoming a conceptual hub for an even larger integration of research areas in organismal biology, including genetics, ecology, paleontology, behavior, cognition, and other fields (Gerd B. MÃ ¼ller)

Managerial economics Essay

1. If a firm raises its price for Product X, TR will increase. Uncertain, Total revenue = Price Ãâ€" Quantity Sold. The price elasticity of demand tells us there are two eï ¬â‚¬ects, first is price eï ¬â‚¬ect. If price increase, each unit sold sells for a higher price, which tends to raise revenue. Second is quantity eï ¬â‚¬ect. If price increase, fewer units are sold, which tends to lower revenue. This is determines by which price eï ¬â‚¬ect or the quantity eï ¬â‚¬ect is stronger 2. When MR > MC, MP (marginal profit) will be positive.  True, for each unit sold, marginal profit equals marginal revenue (MR) minus marginal cost (MC). Then, if MR is greater than MC at some level of output, marginal profit is positive and thus a greater quantity should be produced. 3. If a 10% increase in price leads to a 5% increase in TR, demand must be elastic. False, if an increase in price causes an increase in total revenue, then demand can be said to be inelastic, since the increase in price does not have a large impact on quantity demanded. 4. If the cross price elasticity is positive for two goods X and Y, X and Y must be complements. False, if the goods are complements, the value will be negative because quantity demanded increases when the price of complement falls. Example, if the price of petrol decreases to RM2 a litre, sales of cars would increase. 5. Maximizing TR is never a desirable goal for a firm.  True, profit is the difference between a firm’s total revenue and its total opportunity cost. Total revenue is the amount of income earned by selling products. But it does not include the total opportunity costs of all inputs into the production process. Hence, it is never a desirable goal for a firm. Firm should consider maximizing Profit instead of TR. 6. The more inelastic the demand, the more likely it is that a firm can have regular price increases. True, if firm have regular increase in price (refer to Appendix 1) from P4 to P5, the decrease in the quantity demanded is relatively small (from Q4 to Q5). It means that, the more inelastic the  demand, the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than percentage change price. Hence, firm can have regular price increases. 7. If EP = -1.25 for Group A, and EP = -.375 for Group B, and a firm uses price discrimination, Group A should pay a higher price than Group B. False, Group A is elastic and Group B is inelastic. The consumers in the inelastic sub-market will be charged the higher price, and those in the elastic sub market will be charged the lower price. So Group B should pay higher price. Please refer to Appendix 2 for illustration. 8. A consumer spends 1% of her income on Good A and 25% on Good B. Price Elasticity of Demand should be greater for Good B. True, if the consumer spends less of her income, means that Good A is a necessity good and spends more of her income means that Good B is a luxury good. Luxuries tend to more elastic than necessities as there are more options for consumer. 9. Income elasticity for an inferior good is always negative. True, because quantity demand falls as income rises. Quantity demanded and income move opposite directions, inferior goods have negative elasticity. 10. The more inelastic the demand, the flatter the demand curve. False, inelastic demand have steeper curve because quantity demanded does not respond strongly to price changes. Please refer to Appendix 3 for illustration. For a inelastic demand product such as cigarettes, when price increase by 10%, the quantity demanded will fall by 3.8%. 11. If demand goes from P = 1850 – .05Q to P = 1700 – .05Q, Demand has increased. False. If P = 1850 – .05Q then Qd= 37000-20P and if P = 1700 – .05Q, then Qd= 34000-20P. The demand curve shift to left and hence, the demand decreases. Please refer to Appendix 4 for illustration 12. If TC goes from TC = 1250 + .5Q to TC = 1200 + .6Q, FC have gone up and VC have gone down. False, because TC=TFC+TVC. From the equation above shows that, the FC decreases leads TFC to fall from 1250 to 1200 and the VC increases leads TVC to gone up from 0.5 to 0.6. Part B (Explain in a short Essay (not more than 1 page each)) 1) Define demand, discuss various determinants of demand. Demand is the quantities of good or service that consumers are willing to buy at various prices within some given period of time. Holding all other factors constant, the price of a good or service increases as its demand increases and vice versa. When factors other than price changes, demand  curve will shift. There are 5 determinants of the demand curve. First factor is price of related goods. A good or service can be related to another by being a substitute or complement. If price of a substitute changes, we expect the demand for the good under consideration to change in the same direction as the change in the substitute’s price. For instance, if the price of coffee rises, the demand for tea should increase. The complement goods are the goods that can be used together. Price of complement and demand for the other good are negatively related. Example, if the price of sugar increases, the demand for coffee will fall. Second factor is income, as people’s income rises, it is reasonable to expect their demand for a good to increase and vice versa, the demand curve will shift right. A fall in income will lead to a decrease in demand for normal goods. Goods whose demand varies inversely with income are called inferior goods. Third determinant is future expectation. If enough, buyers expect the price of a good rises in future, the current demand will increase. Also, if consumers’ current demand will increase, they expect higher future income. For example, in 2005 housing prices rose, but people bought more because they expected the price to continue to go up. This drove prices even further, until the bubble burst in 2006 (Stafffullcoll.edu. n.d.). Forth factor is tastes and preferences. This is the desire, emotion, or preference for a good or service. If consumer preference is favorable change will leads to an increase in demand. Likewise, unfavorable change leads to a decrease in demand. Example, companies spend thousands on advertising to make you feel strongly that you want a product. Last determinant is number of buyer. If the number of buyers in market rises, the demand increases. For example, the housing bubble case. Low-cost mortgages increased the number of people who were told they could afford a house. The number of buyers actually increased, driving up the demand for housing. When they found they really couldn’t afford the mortgage, especially when housing prices started to fall, they foreclosed. This reduced the number of buyers, and demand also fell. 2) Briefly explain the concept of Law of diminishing returns? Discuss its assumption and importance? The law of diminishing marginal returns means that the productivity of a variable input declines as more is used  in short-run production, holding one or more inputs fixed. This law has a direct behavior on market supply, the supply price, and the law of supply. The main reasons the marginal product (MP) of this variable input declines is the fixed input. The fixed input imposes a capacity constraint on short-run production. For example, in a sandwich production, the size of the sandwich-producing kitchen and equipment is fixed. The company employs additional workers, the kitchen becomes increasingly crowded. Only so many workers can use the sandwich-preparation counter to prepare sandwich. While adding additional workers do increase total sandwich production, the extra production attributable to these workers is certain to fall as the capacity of the fixed input is limited. In fact, adding too many workers actually results in a negative marginal product, hence, total product falls. The law of diminishing marginal returns is reflected in the shapes and slopes of the total product, marginal product, and average product curves. The most important of these being the negative slope of the marginal product curve. Appendix 5 shows the graph three product curves. The total product (TP) curve shows that the total number of Sandwich Company produced per hour for a given amount of labor. The increasingly flatter slope of the TP is attributable to the law of diminishing marginal returns. Also, the marginal product curve indicates how the total production of Sandwich Company changes when an extra worker is hired. The negatively-sloped portion of the MP curve is a direct embodiment of the law of diminishing marginal returns. Further, the average product curve indicates the average number of Sandwich Company produced by workers. The negatively-sloped portion of the AP curve is indirectly caused by the law of diminishing marginal returns. As marginal product declines, due to the law of diminishing marginal returns, it also causes a decrease in average product. 3) Explain the various economies and diseconomies of scale? Economies of scale are the cost advantages that a business can exploit by expanding the scale of production. The effect is to reduce the long run average (unit) costs of production. Economies of scale have brought down the unit costs of production and feeding through to lower prices for consumers (appendix 6). It could be achieved by buying new machinery, and build a bigger factory. There are two types of economy of scale and depending on the particular characteristics of an industry, some are more important than others. Firstly, internal economies of scale are a  product of how efficient a firm is at producing, that is specific to individual firm. Example, advantages are enjoyed by expansion. Next, external economies of scale occur outside of a firm but within an industry. Example, industry’s scope of operations expand due to better transportation network, will result a decrease in cost for a company working within industry, , external economies of scale have been achieved. Diseconomies of scale are the forces that cause larger firms to produce goods and services at increased per unit costs. The concept is the opposite of economies of scale to a situation which economies of scale no longer function for a firm. Rather than experiencing continued decreasing costs per increase in output, firms see an increase in marginal cost when output is increased (appendix 6). When a firm expands its production scale beyond a certain level, it suffers certain disadvantages. These disadvantages are called internal diseconomies of scale. The result of these diseconomies of scale is a fall run average cost. There are a number of factors that might give rise to inefficiencies as the size of the firm grows. As the size of the firm grows beyond a certain level, organization, control and planning is needed. This makes the managerial responsibilities more difficult. Delegation of the management functions to lower personnel becomes very common. Since the lower personnel lack the adequate experience to undertake the task, it may result in low output at higher cost. All these lead to an increase in the long-run average cost. Further, the external diseconomies of scale are beyond the control of a company increases its total costs, as output in the rest of the industry increases. The increase in costs can be associated with market prices increasing for some or all of the factors of production. For instance, high competition for labor, when there is more firms in industry, there will be increased demand for labor, making the best workers harder to keep (Keat and Young, 2009). References Stafffullcoll.edu. n.d. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND. [online] Available at: http://staffwww.fullcoll.edu/fchan/macro/1determinants_of_demand.htm [Accessed: 28 Mar 2014]. Keat, P.G. and Young, P.K.Y., 2009 ‘Managerial Economics: 6th ed. Economic Tools for Today’s Decision Makers’. Pg. 266-268

Successful companies

IntroductionE-commerce had brought much alteration in manner concern. It is enabled concerns to link with each other in new manner of thought in every country on commercialism. The turnover from usual concern to e-commerce has anticipated transcending far so expected by witness. Many companies presents utilizing e-commerce had been successfully gained more net income in their concern such as amazon.com, e-Bay and mudah.com. These companies have their ain characteristics that show them as the extremely rated successful companies. Most of these companies besides have good schemes in be aftering their concern that enables them to success.The Successful Companies through E-CommerceAmazon and E-bay is among company which allowed dealing electronically. There are the precursor in e-commerce that successfully success until today. Nowadays there are 5 most successful company utilizing e-commerce, Amazon, Dell, Staples, Office Depot and Hewlett Packard. Amazon.com ( 1994 ) is one of the most celebrated e-commerce companies and founded by Jeff Bezos. Today, Amazon offers everything from books and electronics to tennis rackets and diamond jewellery. Harmonizing to the research conducted, Amazon.com attracted about over 615 million clients every twelvemonth. The ability of online friendly web site by Amazon is one of the key of success for this company. Another company that been successfully in e-commerce is Dell Inc. Dell.com has made rapid paces, the company has achieved large net income in on-line gross revenues. The company ‘s effectual scheme of selling merchandises without retail has been admired by clients and many e-commerce traders imitate their scheme. Equally same as Amazon, Dell success cardinal factor is on-line friendly web site. Most of successful companies achieve success by holding their ain features and characteristics that led them. Effective schemes besides the cardinal factor the company ‘s success accomplishment.Features of Successful E-Commerce CompanyMany companies use e-commerce as one of the ways to derive net income. For each successful company, they have assorted characteristics that help them in e-commerce concern. The first characteristic is a clear vision and end. The company must cognize precisely what they want to accomplish in this concern. Second characteristic is dare taking deliberate hazard. The key to success is make bolding to take necessary hazard and considered investing as fuel of concern in e-commerce. Following is, successful sites employ good advisers. By holding adviser that can be trusted is indispensable. It is because company merely can derive if holding panels of experts that can rede in modulating scheme, tactic and spread out the concern. Another characteristic is successful sites can encompass engineering and alteration. Keeping abreast of developments online is the key in on-line selling, alteration in on-line manner and understand manner to read web analysis. The 5th characteristic is forbearance and a long-run position. The company invariably step if they are bit by bit acquiring to their end. More characteristics are a committedness to and uninterrupted betterment. The success company knew what they should make and ever do betterment. Last is, success company must believe that there is no short cuts to do net income. There is some e-business people want to derive million of net income but trusting it come by making nil. Success company knew that is incorrect. By keep focussing, difficult work, changeless betterment and committedness there are the existent manner to success in e-commerce concern.Strategic Moves That Led Companies to Success?Fine method and scheme can take companies to success. They are several ways that has been listed as strategic moves to take companies to success. First is Well-Positioned Online Brand. The companies must take the market able trade name name for their web site. A trade name name will pull clients to the company ‘s web site and can assist guarantee clients about the quality of the offering, the truth of the information, can advance client trueness and the security of the web minutess. Second, Online-Friendly Offerings. It is about the choice and diverseness of the company merchandise. The companies must make up one's mind what merchandises to offer on the web site. Another diverseness is offering clients the ability to obtain alone merchandise or information. The diverseness are of import because it allows clients to command the merchandise picks and at the same clip it can construct clients trueness. The 3rd move is Reliable Customers Service. It is to animating trueness among clients. For the company to success the client must swear the company and its web site. Trust can be built through confidence of privateness and dealing security and by supplying accurate information. As illustrations, many people purchase at Amazon.com instead than other web site because it can be trusted by clients. Last, Right Business Planning.It is to get support, nonfinancial resources and to obtain a realistic attack to the concern.Important Elementss in Implementing the SchemeThere are many elements that guide E-Commerce schemes to success. It is such as is to see full integrating, partial corporate integrating, and concern unit integrating all has positive facets as schemes for e-commerce and are feasible picks. Another component is companies must carefully organize new online services to heighten and protect their trade name. Following is, in implementing and explicating e-commerce scheme throughout company operations, it must include Multi-channel coordination as the cardinal success factor. More elements are successful e-commerce scheme must include particular attending to client service as it is core constituent of company scheme. A proper balance the usage of commoditized solutions and alone utilizations of e-commerce can assist company use effectivity. It is to derive competitory advantage in scheme.DecisionAs decision, e-commerce concern helps a batch trader to spread out their concern. Net income achieved go oning turning for companies those involve in this electronic dealing concern. It as we can see in achievement Amazon.com, E-bay and Mudah.com. More proud, now found many bargainers begin utilizing e-commerce as one of the ways promotes their goods. Most successful companies in e-commerce have steady characteristics that been a key to their success. This including the scheme that been used such as good concern program, online friendly web site, dependable clients services, committedness in pull offing concern, do betterment in services. With the right schemes, many traders can easy derive more net income and spread out their concern around the universe.

Non-Governmental Organizations essays

Non-Governmental Organizations essays Non-Governmental Organizations are assembled to aid people that are otherwise incapable. They are established to better the lifestyle and the living conditions that our fellow humans endure. Third World Countries lack many necessities that are taken for granted in the United States. This paper gave me a better outlook on what actually goes on in other countries were survival is the main aspect of everyday life. The research that was involved with writing my paper was somewhat hard to come by. My main source of information was the internet, but I wanted to find a country that hadnt been publicized about their problems. I looked for a poor country, that isnt really known to the world as one of the poorest societies. I had trouble locating current information that I could find on Mozambique, but I did find history on the country and based my paper on that. I looked for current information about Mozambique, but the bulk of returned information was tourist related. Before I wrote this paper I had never known of a country named Mozambique, learning a little about their history and getting a general view of how Mozambicans live their lives was interesting to me. It was difficult finding a potential resolution to the problems in Mozambique. Every solution that came to my mind was too small in scope to apply to the widespread problems in Mozambique. Establishing an Organization that isnt designed to make a profit was a pretty new concept to me. It was nice to think abstractly and offer something to people who are in need. As I progressed I realized that with careful disbursement of funds, and dedicated people, the state of the country could be improved. Though the idea of a Non-Profit organization to repair the country is great, the problems are sunken deep into the foundation of Mozambique. Dumping money into the situation is not always useful; Mozambique needs major reconstruct ...

Intertextuality essay Macbeth Essays

Intertextuality essay Macbeth Essays Intertextuality essay Macbeth Paper Intertextuality essay Macbeth Paper Shakespeare is considered as the greatest write in the English language. One of his recognised plays is Macbeth. Macbeths tragic story is constructed by the genre, privileged discourse and archetypal characters which are still relevant to todays audiences. The intertextuality of Macbeth and a variety of modern texts such as films, plays and songs is still representing the play in todays society. The genre of a tragic hero can be intertextually linked to Roger Chillington (The Scarlet letter). Discourses such as betrayal and lust for power can still be identified by audiences in modern society, hence they can be intertextually linked to such characters as Mark Zuckerberg (The Social Network) and Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader (Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith). Even Shakespeares archetypal character, Lady Macbeth, is closely intertextually linked to Julia Gillard. The cultural values, experiences and attitudes mobilized in the construction of such texts, let us fully understand Macbeth. The genre of a tragic hero was used in the Elizabethan era, but is still used in contemporary texts in modern society. In Shakespeares play, Macbeth, it is shown that Macbeth is a tragic hero. A tragic hero can be described as a hero whose actions and fatal flaws lead to their downfall. Various circumstances, such as his encounter with the witches, Duncans decision to stay at Macbeths castle, Macduffs sudden arrival and even Macbeths final duel with Macduff all work to warp and shape him into the tyrant he is by the end of the play. At the beginning of the play, the audiences can identify that Macbeth is good. However, throughout the play the audience can recognise the transition of Macbeth from good to bad as he commits more murders. Macbeths fatal flaw was his ambition to become King, which has leads him to his death as Macduff battles him for revenge since Macbeth murdered his family. There have been many tragic heroes throughout the history of literature, including the tragic hero of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne makes the tragic hero clearly understood. Roger Chillingworth is evidently the tragic hero in this novel. Although later plagued with the evils of revenge, Chillingworth has the promise to be a great hero. He is a man well educated in the areas of medicine. He is also is strong willed, persuasive, and able to look directly into a persons soul. Trust me, such men deceive themselves. - (1) Roger Chillingworth never kept his sins secret, showing the potential for good in his heart. He would have had many secrets had he been made up purely of evil. Rogers fatal flaw was his revenge, which lead to his death. Chillingworth dies at the end of The Scarlet Letter because of his own weaknesses. He dies from the pure evil which is led into his life. His goals of vengeance make him a pure tragedy. Both characters were seen as heroes in the beginning; however their actions and fatal flaws lead them to their downfall, which make them both tragic heroes. Betrayal is a discourse in many modern contemporary text and Shakespeare plays. Betrayal can be defined as the breaking or violation of a presumptive social contract, trust or confidence that produces moral and psychological conflict within a relationship amongst individuals. In order for betrayal to be apparent, some components such as treachery, manipulation and deceit must be seen. This discourse could be seen in Macbeth where Banquo, the loyal friend of Macbeth, has been betrayed when he was ordered to be killed by Macbeth. Macbeth was suspicious that Banquo knew about Duncans murder and would notify the community. Though Banquo was Macbeths loyal friend, he thought that Banquo would violate his trust, leading Macbeth into believing that his loyal friend would betray him. The social network shows similar discourses of betrayal as the main character Mark Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin. Eduardo Saverin: It was insanely stupid for me not to have my own lawyer look over all the the uh I thought they were my lawyers. I was a Harvard business major. I was your only friend. You had one friend. (2) The components of treachery, manipulation and deceit can be found between the relationship of Mark and Eduardo. Even though he was not murdered, Mark betrayed the trust of Eduardo as he diluted his shares of Facebook until he basically was not a part of the company. Mark manipulated Eduardo thinking that when he signed a business contract, that he could put his into the lawyers and get a fair and just amount of shares. Eduardo states he was the only friend of Marks, he felt betrayed as to why he could commit such disloyalty to his only friend. The two close friends wonder how a common dream came to be in such an adversarial situation by betrayal. Macbeth and The Social Network are both intertextually linked as both texts show betrayal between loyal friends. The discourse of lust for power is another element of the Shakespearean play, Macbeth, which establishes its relevance to modern society. Power can be defined as ability to do or act; capability of doing or accomplishing something. Macbeths lust for power develops into his fatal flaw which destroys his morality. Macbeth is given responsibilities and duties, yet he is teased with the promise of one day becoming King. This is done because he has a flaw; he is too determined. He doesnt let anything in his way of the goal, to be king.

LOMBARDI Surname Meaning and Family History

LOMBARDI Surname Meaning and Family History Lombardi is a geographical surname for someone who came from Lombardy, a region in northern Italy which got its name from the Lombards, a Germanic tribe who invaded in the 6th century. The name also sometimes was used to denote immigrants from other parts of northern Italy. Even today, the name is most prevalent in the city of Milano in Lombardia, Italy. Alternate Surname Spellings:  LOMBARDO, LOMBARDINI, LOMBARDELLI, LOMBARDY, LOMBARD Surname Origin:  Italian Famous People with the LOMBARDI Surname Vince Lombardi - legendary football coach of the Green Bay Packers; the National Foot Ball Leagues Super Bowl trophy is named in his honorJohnny Lombardi - Canadian pioneer of multicultural broadcastingErnie Lombardi - Major League Baseball player Fun Facts About the LOMBARDI Surname Lombardis, the first pizzeria in the United States, opened in 1905 as the birth place of New York style pizza.   Where is the LOMBARDI Surname Most Common? The Lombardi surname is found most prevalently in Italy, according to surname distribution data from Forebears, where it ranks as the 20th most common last name in the country. It is also somewhat common in Argentina and Brazil. In the United States, Lombardi families are found in greatest numbers in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Surname data from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also demonstrates the prevalence of the Lombardi surname in Italy. Although the name originated in Lombardia, the numbers are now greatest in the Molise region, followed by Basilicata, Toscana, Campania, Puglia, Lazio and then Lombardia. Lombardi is also a fairly common name in Tessin, Switzerland. Genealogy Resources for the Surname LOMBARDIMeanings of Common Italian Surnames Uncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this free guide to Italian surname meanings and origins for the most common Italian surnames. Lombardi  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Lombardi family crest or coat of arms for the Lombardi surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. LOMBARDI Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Lombardi ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Lombardi ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - LOMBARDI GenealogyExplore over 600,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Lombardi surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Lombardi  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Lombardi surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Ancestry.com: Lombardi SurnameExplore over 300,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Lombardi surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

THE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY (STS) MUSEUM Essay

THE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY (STS) MUSEUM - Essay Example The scientists argue that the adoption and use of the developed equipment might lead to the eruption of other challenges as some groups of people might go against the processes. A visit to the museum and the observation of the various archived equipment therein acquaints visitors with information about the shortcomings that would befall the human society if such things were non-existing. The observations drawn from the research undertaken at the museum’s images implies the possibility of developing alternative services that would enhance the social standards of living. For example, studies depict that the use of wind turbines can serve towards the production of renewable energy whose demand and use would lead to the implementation of environmentally friendly energy production practices. In that context, the science and technology approach chosen after viewing the discoveries presented in the museum acquaints the research process with chances of success since an alternative evaluation acknowledges the incorporation of the Tornado Chaser to the power turbines as capable of producing energy. The scholars concerned with developing the equipment acknowled ge that the development of over 100,000 structures in the vulnerable locations can lead to the implementation of a long lasting solution to the threats borne from the tornados. According to the class discussions, science and technology aspects influence the society from various dimensions with the majority factors being positive towards the achievement of better living standards. The argument that science and technology approaches are alarming to sustainability rest inconsistent since different countries across the globe perceive different scientifically developed approaches as remedies to the challenges. For instance, China uses rockets that are capable of dispersing dangerous clouds from causing harm to the human population. Another aspect of

Reading and Answer the Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading and Answer the Question - Essay Example It is quite difficult for quite a number of people to identify artistic works. For instance, the article, â€Å"living with art† the author indicates that visitors into the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are initially unaware of small details about the artistic nature of the memorial, like the â€Å"†¦low wall at their feet† (Gracyk, 118). Through the inability of recognizing small details, there is a possibility of insinuating that they are not in a position to explore the characteristics of some pieces of art. My perception about art differs from the majority since I take recognition of the fact that art is essentially part of the human nature, and for this reason, exploring some of the detailed characteristics of artistic pieces. Through this, there is a possibility of having a better understanding of the natural world. The author uses the term â€Å"outsider art† to describe the creativity of artists that are self-taught, which are pieces that originate from people that are aware of their physical world (Hofstadter and Kuhns, 39). According to experiences by Maya Lin, her artistic ability emanated from her desire to make people aware of the natural world. These types of art have a common expression of the classical art history, which develop a unique artistic culture among a number of people. It is possible to see pure creativity to the human impulses that are manifested in people without crippling some of the effects of formal training. There is a possibility that the artistic world is a reflection of the natural world. Through this provision, one might argue that appreciation of art emanates from the aesthetic appeal that it provides. However, the entire purpose of art should not necessarily be beautiful since works of art depends on the message that the artist is seeking to instill to the viewers. On the other hand, the consideration of

Penetration Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Penetration Testing - Essay Example E-commerce systems tend to be high-end targets to security breaches and vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities can be exploited by conducting certain attack tests that target to steal information and corrupt the system functioning. The tests are carried out in a controlled environment where due damages may be reversed and the system retracted back to a stable state. However, not all systems use the same principles for penetration testing. Various systems call for various methods so as to exploit their varied vulnerabilities. An e-commerce system, for instance, stands to suffer security risks more through attacks where it crosses through networks. Therefore, for an e-commerce system, a unique testing methodology is carried out, where the authentication systems used are inspected and exploited to show any possible vulnerabilities. This form of tests are carried out in an environment where they can exactly mimic the behavior of such attacks. That is, they occur in real-time, parallel to the system as such attacks would. E-commerce systems keep on growing in functionalities and complexities by the day. E-commerce systems are now being spread out to include applications in mobile devices and web-based application systems. As these functionalities continue to grow, so do the security risks for such a system. For such an extensive system, to effectively do the penetration tests they need to include applications penetration tests. These penetration tests will cover the normal vulnerabilities such as SQL injections and Cross Site Scripting and Cross Site Request Forgery tests. Penetration tests conducted for this firm cover the major cross-interaction gateways in the systems. That is; payment integration flaws, flaws in the system’s content manager amongst other vulnerability tests. Several conventional attacks in e-commerce systems are carried out on the payment gateways. For example, an attacker

Art histort 300-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art histort 300-2 - Essay Example † that started in New York, where individuals frequently interacted with each other, and share a common approach to making art, even when the appearance of their paintings diverged in many ways (Carr, n.d.). This common approach married the forms, purposes, colors, and shapes of Expressionism and Abstract Art. After World War II, a small group of American painters who lived in New York developed an artistic innovation (Carr, n.d.). They were called the â€Å"Rebel Painters of the 1950s† and included Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, Adolph Gottlieb, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, and Clyfford Still (Carr, n.d.). These artists rejected both social realism and geometric abstraction, two leading strains in American art in the 1930s (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionists focused on expressing elusive ideas and experiences. For Pollock, Gorky, and de Kooning, their subjects were autobiographical and came from their sheer need to paint and express themselves. In Gorky’s â€Å"The Artist and His Mother† paintings, they were often compared to Ingress for simplicity of lines and to Picasso for color and structure. Pollock is known for his abstract expressionist paintings, such as Number 1, 1950 (Lavende r Mist), where his subconscious seemed to have controlled the flow of action in the painting. de Kooning’s Woman V (1952-53) has Gorkys surrealist style and Picassos form and shape. Mark Rothko fluently described their Abstract Expressionist art: â€Å"Art was not about an experience, but was itself the experience† (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionism developed in the social setting of the Depression era. During this time, artists like Gorky and de Kooning, for instance, lived near each other and became good friends (Carr, n.d.). de Kooning also befriended Rothko, Philip Guston and Barnett Newman (Carr, n.d.). The friendships and solidarity among the Abstract Expressionists were strengthened by

Marketing and Consumers Priorities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing and Consumers Priorities - Essay Example I can get the information regarding new courses as well as happenings and I can contact my overseas friends through e-mail. I can use the computer for chatting with my friends. I know the information and news through websites. I use the computer and it's accessories to see the news papers and news portals and scan as well as download the required images and content. Using a printer I can take printouts of the content I need for my job. I can keep myself and my company connected to different news agencies so that they keep us update with the latest news. I can design a greeting card of my own in my computer and hence I can use it for commercial purposes. With the computer we can do the audio, video mixing and get the compact discs and DVDs of my own. Reading books through internet can help in reducing the burden of purchasing them though we cannot avoid the purchasing of all the books. Being connected with libraries and universities, one can get access to lot of amount of literature t hrough electronic libraries. The brand of the computer I have brought is Compaq and the printer belongs to Hewlett Packard. The scanner also belongs to Hewlett Packard. ... The needs of other customers differ from that of mine and they differ in case of personal use as well as commercial ones. They use the same computer to produce some advanced and innovative products and they develop the business through computerizing their activities. For example, the banking sector, telecommunications, travelling and tourism, medical sector, Video games, washing machines, aero planes, cruise services, planning and scheduling, weather analysis also find applications with computers and accessories. For Example a tour operator uses the computer for reservations and booking of hotel rooms, train, and aeroplane tickets through computer. The telecommunication sector is also utilizing the computerized and now a days the presence of number of telephone operators created a competition between them to provide different services to the people. Internet service providers, internet cafes use the computers for amusement like video games as well as for other purposes. Bankers utili ze computers for their daily banking activities. By using computers they need not to refer the big ledgers and registers and this reduces their work burden and saves time. Bankers can know all details of customers by a click of a mouse. Money can be transferred from one account to another without any trouble. The ATM network of the banks works the basis of computers and other electronic appliances. Every industry is using computerization for developing knowledge and to improve their business. The automatic washing machines also work with the help of computerized mechanism (Buzzle.com, 2009). The Needs of the Customers who buy Other Products from the Same Manufacturer I have bought a desktop from Compaq and some other customers may buy a note book or laptop

Art histort 300-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art histort 300-2 - Essay Example † that started in New York, where individuals frequently interacted with each other, and share a common approach to making art, even when the appearance of their paintings diverged in many ways (Carr, n.d.). This common approach married the forms, purposes, colors, and shapes of Expressionism and Abstract Art. After World War II, a small group of American painters who lived in New York developed an artistic innovation (Carr, n.d.). They were called the â€Å"Rebel Painters of the 1950s† and included Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, Adolph Gottlieb, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, and Clyfford Still (Carr, n.d.). These artists rejected both social realism and geometric abstraction, two leading strains in American art in the 1930s (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionists focused on expressing elusive ideas and experiences. For Pollock, Gorky, and de Kooning, their subjects were autobiographical and came from their sheer need to paint and express themselves. In Gorky’s â€Å"The Artist and His Mother† paintings, they were often compared to Ingress for simplicity of lines and to Picasso for color and structure. Pollock is known for his abstract expressionist paintings, such as Number 1, 1950 (Lavende r Mist), where his subconscious seemed to have controlled the flow of action in the painting. de Kooning’s Woman V (1952-53) has Gorkys surrealist style and Picassos form and shape. Mark Rothko fluently described their Abstract Expressionist art: â€Å"Art was not about an experience, but was itself the experience† (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionism developed in the social setting of the Depression era. During this time, artists like Gorky and de Kooning, for instance, lived near each other and became good friends (Carr, n.d.). de Kooning also befriended Rothko, Philip Guston and Barnett Newman (Carr, n.d.). The friendships and solidarity among the Abstract Expressionists were strengthened by

Film Review of The Last Picture Show Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film of The Last Picture Show - Movie Review Example The small Texan town is characterized by huge amounts of dust and its perception is that of a dying town. It lacks many inhabitants and the streets are short of vehicles. Majority of the few inhabitants are seemingly older and retired or clinging to the few jobs that offer a better income. The younger generation present is only there for a particular reason and is probably interested in leaving for greener pastures in another area. The three teenagers together with other minor cast members execute the themes intended perfectly. This is supported by the many nominations, awards and critics approval accorded to the movie. In this film, the audience finds a moving, interesting and a knowledgeable presentation worth every attention. In addition, the movie provides a historical feel by taking the audience back in time to experience the happenings of that period. Historical Accuracy of the story, Feel and Entertainment Value The setting of this film falls in the early 1950s and depicts the condition of the America as at that time. The film accurately presents what was going on in terms of development (infrastructural and economic development). Poor development is shown by the struggles of the people particularly the two friends Sonny and Jock in making the best out of their lives. Theirs is a seemingly futureless life. They are high school seniors, friends and members of the high school’s football team who share a house and a beat-up old pickup truck. The small Texan town is short of progress, something synonymous with most remote towns of the time. The boys’ dreams of having a breakthrough as football players become less attainable by each passing day. This condition reigns; more so as attention to development is overshadowed by the Korean war. Despair is all over and every individual waits for the start of a better life while also trying to secure for oneself the best in the meantime. (Bogdanovich et al.1991, par 1) In the events of this movie, one ca n feel the historical accuracy and presence being aired. The director and scriptwriter balances the emotions expressed in this film. This is through presentation of a time of great despair and moral decadence in America while also introducing an element of hope at the long last. The time chosen as the best time to set this film does the accuracy of events great justice. Sonny and Duane attributes especially in relation to their social life complements the historical depiction of the Texan town. It is seen as a way of getting out or seeking solace for all that is not going right. Their sexual escapades contradict the bible-thumping and catholic adherence nature prevalent in the times. Nevertheless, â€Å"The Last Picture Show† contrasts the way that people hold the moral occurrences of the fifties. In an insightful manner, the issue of sexuality and morality, as compared to the current times, may seem less minimal in the period in which the film is set. This is contrary to tha t notion thus makes the film more intriguing and captivating to watch. Naturally, one would think that there was less prevalence of moral decadence and casual sexual escapades in the fifties but the film provides

African Americans and Slavery Essay Example for Free

African Americans and Slavery Essay The American Revolution was a time of great turmoil for all men and women in the United States. Great debates came and went during this time; slavery and the freedom of black men being the main problems in these debates. Slaves were used for a great number of things during the American revolutionary period. The arrival of slavery to the American colonies began in the 1600s and started out in Virginia. As the years passed more and more African-Americans were brought into the colonies to be used as labor workers. The beginning amount of slaves continued to grow and by the beginning of the revolution there were about 273,000 slaves spread throughout the American states. With the coming of the revolution all African-Americans, slave or free, knew something was coming and each had a different response to these comings. There were differences in the responses of slaves and free men during the American Revolution. There were also consequences to their choices. â€Å"Gaining freedom in a land of captivity and wresting equality from a society whose founding documents guarantee it has been the consuming desire and everlasting hope that has kept harrowed bodies and weary souls going. † In the southern states African-American slaves were treated harsher than those in the north. The plantations down south required back –breaking hours of work in the sun that White Americans believed could only be done by those they had bought. There was a reason for them to be there and until they could no longer work they were to do all things imaginable for their owners, no questions asked. Some of these slaves thought it was easier to run away from their owners and that in doing so they would have a chance to fight for their country. Slaves could either flee to the north or they could flee to Spanish owned Florida. In cases where a master was called upon to fight, they would send a slave in their place and if they lived long enough to return home they earned freedom. Many of the slaves decided that if they had a chance to gain their freedom by joining the war effort then they would gladly take their masters place. They also believed that with the beginning to the revolutionary period would bring a new deed to the land and when it was over there would no longer be a need for slaves. The consequences for slaves in the south were innumerable. Like many slaves, they took this time to run from slave masters and plantations. If these southern slaves were caught, depending on the owner, the slave could suffer mild to severe consequences. Depending on the demeanor of the owner a slave could be punished in several different ways. Whipping, branding, slapping, being dunked underwater, and kicking were just some forms of punishment. The most severe punishments were to cut off a body part like an ear in the hopes that the slave would learn and never run again. There were also â€Å"nice† slave owners that chose not to punish their slaves. There justification for not punishing their slaves was so that they would continue to work and so that the owner could buy more slaves with the money that they continued to pool in from the work. Because of some owners that continuously harassed Washington, he stopped allowing slaves into his army. But General Washington, fearing rebellion, created an order that stated that all blacks were not allowed to fight. Later he partially reversed the order and allowed only free black men to fight with him. Some slaves believed that taking a chance to flee towards the north was a far-fetched idea. They were seeking freedom in the quickest possible way. Lord Dunmore sent out a proclamation that stated in exchange for freedom any black that came to him would fight against the patriots and become a loyalist. Dunmore’s promise of freedom fueled black slaves to escape and even some patriots fled to fight as a loyalist. After the war, true to his word, slaves gained their freedom. Some of these newly freed slaves went to Britain but many of them stayed in the Americas. On the other hand free men in the north believed the revolution would bring about change for the better. Their idea of the revolution was that they were being given the chance to gain independence from Great Britain and also for themselves. It was a defining moment in history that they were to be a part of. Fighting with white men gave these free black men a sense of honor and it also gave them a job where they could earn a little money to put towards getting homes and things of that nature. Men from the north gradually began to realize that they could fight with their brethren and bring independence to the land. General Washington passed an order stating that no black man was allowed into his army. This order came about because of general angst from some slave owners. These owners believed that there should not be any blacks fighting for the independence because they were only good for being slaves and they would never have say over anything. After some time Washington, fearing not having enough men to fight against the British, partially reversed this order to allow only free black men. Other than this there were not many consequences that are recorded for free black men. These free men not only fought for the independence of the nation but also for their independence and the independence of other black men and women. African-Americans from the north and south chose to join the continental army because they believed that they should help make the place the lived independent from a tyranny that had no say in the matters of a new country. They felt that this tyranny could take their rights and place them under unfair rule once again. Some of the freemen and slaves that had started out in the continental army decided to run to the British army but were not successful in their plights. Nash called the revolution the ‘greatest slave rebellion in American history’ because it was just that. The revolution opened up new grounds for slaves to rebel against owners because it was the most opportune time for them to do so. â€Å"If any group within America’s diversified people came close to answering John Adams’s plea that ‘we must all be soldiers,’ it was black Americans. No part of revolutionary society responded to the call for arms with anywhere near the enthusiasm of those who were black. Proportionate to their number, African American males and some females were more likely to join the fray than white Americans. † According to this excerpt from another one of Nash’s books, African-Americans were much more adept to answering the plea of John Adams. If there were more African-American fighters than white that meant that more black males were subject to put themselves in danger in order to gain freedom. They would rather have one day of freedom, not knowing if they would die in the next second, hour, or day, than be a slave for the rest of their lives. This is one of the reasons why Nash called the revolution the ‘greatest slave rebellion in American history’. â€Å"Desperate to fill the thinned ranks of its regiments, states offered freedom†¦ to serve during the continuance of the present war with Great Britain. Every black enlistee would be ‘immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free, as if he had never been encumbered with any kind of servitude or slavery. † If states were desperate to have more men come into their ranks then there was nothing really stopping slaves from escaping their masters and coming to fight. They all wanted freedom from someone. Slaves wanted freedom from their bonds that were tied to the soil they worked and the Americans wanted freedom from Great Britain. Both groups had their reasons to fight and the only way slaves knew how to become free was to rebel and run to an army. This was a time for large rebellions on all fronts not just from the slaves. It was a rebellion against the British from the former colonists and a rebellion against the men and women that were taken from their homes to somehow create new ones. â€Å"It may have been, as Nash says ‘the greatest slave rebellion in American history,’ but for most of the rebels it ended like the others, in death. Slaves who supported the American side fared better, but not much better. Only with great reluctance did Washington allow some to join his army. Other Virginians had another wartime use for them. In 1780 the state legislature offered salves as a bounty for enlistment in the war against British tyranny. The revolution did see enactment of measures for gradual emancipation in the northern states, but the number who benefited was small. † My view on the American Revolution has changed somewhat because of how the African-Americans were treated during and after the period of war. The Americans act as though they had not been fighting alongside each other and because of this withhold distaste for the blacks. The completely disregard the idea that every man is created equal and has certain unalienable rights. They do not extend these ideas that were written down on the Declaration of Independence to the free black Americans. Men that had fought with and under Washington were not looked as the same because the color of their skin and were not given the same rights. Because of how they were treated I see the Revolution more as a war against Britain to save other whites from tyranny rather than to gain independence for all mankind. .of Revolution (Harvard University: 2006), 1. [ 2 ]. Taymor, . US History Documents. Last modified 2005. Accessed January 27, 2013. http://inside. sfuhs. org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter2/Nashfighting. pdf. [ 3 ]. Taymor, . US History Documents. Last modified 2005. Accessed January 27, 2013. http://inside. sfuhs. org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter2/Nashfighting. pdf. [ 4 ]. Edmund S. Morgan, review of The Unknown American Revolution:  .